New syllabus (curriculam) of class 12 physical chemistry for NEB board Nepal..
most probable questions to be asked in 12 chemistry exam
Chapter -1 Volumetric analysis (1marks + 5marks or 8marks)
1.1 Introduction to gravimetric analysis, volumetric analysis and equivalent weight
1.2 Relationship between equivalent weight, atomic weight and valency
1.3 Equivalent weight of compounds (acid, base, salt, oxidizing and reducing agents)
1.4 Concentration of solution and its units in terms of : Percentage, g/L , molarity, molality, normality and formality, ppm and ppb
1.5 Primary and secondary standard substances
1.6 Law of equivalence and normality equation
1.7 Titration and its types: Acid-base titration, redox titration ( related numerical problems)
Chapter -2 IONIC EQUILIBRIUM (1 marks+ 5 marks or 8 marks)
Introduction to Acids and Bases
2.1. Limitation of Arrhenius concepts of acids and bases
2.2 Bronsted –Lowry definition of acids and bases
2.3 Relative strength of acids and bases
2.4 Conjugate acid –base pairs
2.5 Lewis definition of acids and bases
2.6 Ionization of weak electrolyte (Ostwald's dilution law)
2.7 Ionic product of water(Kw)
2.8 Dissociation constant of acid and base, (Ka& Kb)
2.9 Concept of pKa and pKb
2.10 pH value: pH of strong and weak acids, pH of strong and weak bases
2.11 Solubility and solubility product principle
2.12 Common Ion effect
2.13 Application of solubility product principle and common ion effect in precipitation reactions
2.14 Buffer solution and its application
2.15 Indicators and selection of indicators in acid base titration
2.16 Types of salts: Acidic salts, basic salts, simple salts, complex salts (introduction and examples)
2.17 Hydrolysis of salts
2.17.1 Salts of strong acid and strong base
2.17.2 Salts of weak acid and strong base
2.17.3 Salts of weak base and strong acid (solving related numerical problems)
Chapter -3 Chemical Kinetics 1marks+5marks or 8mark
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Rate of reactions: Average and instantaneous rate of reactions
3.3 Rate law and its expressions
3.4 Rate constant and its unit and significance
3.5 Order and molecularity
3.6 Integrated rate equation for zero and first order reaction
3.7 Half-life of zero and first order reactions
3.8 Collision theory, concept of activation energy and activated complex
3.9 Factors affecting rate of reactions: Effect of concentration, temperature (Arrhenius Equation) and effect of catalyst (energy profile diagram)
3.10 Catalysis and types of catalysis: homogeneous, heterogeneous and enzyme catalysis (solving related numerical problems based on rate, rate constant and order of zero and first order reactions)
Chapter-4 Thermodynamics 1 marks+5msrks or 8 mark
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Energy in chemical reactions
4.3 Internal energy
4.4 First law of thermodynamics
4.5 Enthalpy and enthalpy changes: Endothermic and exothermic processes)
4.6 Enthalpy of reaction, enthalpy of solution, enthalpy of formation, enthalpy of combustion
4.7 Laws of thermochemistry (Laplace Law and Hess’s law)
4.8 Entropy and spontaneity
4.9 Second law of thermodynamics
4.10 Gibbs' free energy and prediction of spontaneity
4.11 Relationship between ∆G and equilibrium constant (Solving related numerical problems)
Chapter -5 ELECTROCHEMISTRY 1marks+5msrks or 8 marks
5.1 Electrode potential and standard electrode potential
5.2 Types of electrodes: Standard hydrogen electrode and calomel electrodes
5.3 Electrochemical series and its applications
5.4 Voltaic cell: Zn-Cu cell, Ag- Cu cell 5.5 Cell potential and standard cell potential 5.6 Relationship between cell potential and free energy 5.7 Commercial batteries and fuel cells (hydrogen/oxygen
Chapter -14 Carboxylic Acid and its Derivatives
14.1 Aliphatic and aromatic carboxylic acids
14.1.1 Introduction, nomenclature and isomerism
14.1.2 Preparation of monocarboxylic acids from: aldehydes, nitriles, dicarboxylic acid, sodium alkoxide and trihaloalkanes
14.1.3 Preparation of benzoic acid from alkyl benzene
14.1.4 Physical properties of monocarboxylic acids
14.1.5 Chemical properties: Action with alkalies, metal oxides, metal carbonates, metal bicarbonates, PCl3, LiAlH4 and dehydration of carboxylic acid
14.1.6 Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky reaction
14.1.7 Electrophilic substitution reaction of benzoic acid - bromination, nitration and sulphonation)
14.1.8 Effect of constituents on the acidic strength of carboxylic acid
14.1.9 Abnormal behaviour of methanoic acid
14.2 Derivatives of Carboxylic acids (acid halides, amides, esters and anhydrides)
14.2.1 Preparation of acid derivatives from carboxylic acid
14.2.2 Comparative physical properties of acid derivatives
14.2.3 Comparative chemical properties of acid derivatives (hydrolysis, ammonolysis, amines (RNH2), alcoholysis, and reduction only)
14.2.4 Claisen condensation
14.2.5 Hofmann bromamide reaction
14.2.6 Amphoteric nature of amide
14.2.7 Relative reactivity of acid derivatives
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